Proponents argue that adoption of the ERA can advance the cause of equality in the twenty-first century, but key questions remain. The answer hinges on two procedural questions with no settled answer.
First, can Congress act now, nearly 48 years after first proposing the ERA, to waive the lapsed deadline? ERA supporters have long argued that just as Congress had the power to set a deadline, they have the power to lift one. Senate Joint Resolution 6 , a bipartisan measure sponsored by Sens. Second, can states act to rescind their support of a constitutional amendment before it is finally ratified?
Congress confronted this question twice, during the ratification of 14th and 15th Amendments in the years immediately following the Civil War. In each instance, Congress adopted resolutions declaring the amendments ratified, ignoring the purported state rescissions.
Who will decide these questions? Under a law, the Archivist of the United States is charged with issuing a formal certification after three-quarters of the states have ratified an amendment. When there has been doubt over the validity of an amendment, Congress has acted to declare it valid. This occurred most recently in when the states ratified the 27th Amendment , years after Congress proposed it. Ferriero had previously accepted the ratifications from both Nevada and Illinois.
But would the courts have a say in this controversy? America To Today Erin Corbett. The new FX miniseries Mrs. America , officially out today, will tell the story of the battle for the Equal Rights Amendment ERA — bringing to light one fight for gender equality that has gone on for nearly years. America sheds a light on the culture wars of the 70s , which have in many ways shaped the world we still live in now. The ERA, which demanded individuals not be subjected to discrimination based on their gender, played a large role in the fight for equality in the U.
While the amendment sought to equalize rights for all genders, opposition to it from conservative parties were strong. So, what exactly is the ERA? The Equal Rights Amendment was a proposition that was actually introduced to Congress in the s that would guarantee equal rights for all U.
Although middle class women were largely supportive of the ERA in its early adaptation, it wasn't until the women's movement in the 60s that the amendment garnered real support. After being reintroduced to the House of Representatives in , the ERA went on to pass through the House and move to the Senate for ratification. This is where the timeline of events around the constitutional amendment and the movement's overall value became of greater prevalence in American history.
While the movement for gender equality has changed and grown over the years, the conservative movement at the time also helped to create the Republican Party as we know it today. Ahead, we've detailed a complete timeline of events — from the ERA's first trip to the Senate to where we stand today. Eliminating racial disparities in maternal health outcomes: Lawmakers must improve access to critical services; improve the quality of care provided to pregnant women; address maternal mental health; enhance supports for families before and after birth; and improve data collection and oversight, particularly with a focus on persistent racial disparities.
Combating workplace discrimination: Lawmakers must enact policies that improve protections against pay discrimination, enhance protections against workplace sexual harassment, and expand pregnancy accommodations and anti-retaliation protections for pregnant workers. Increasing wages: Lawmakers must raise the federal minimum wage, eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities, and eliminate the tipped minimum wage. Supporting workers who are caregivers: Lawmakers must implement comprehensive paid family and medical leave for all workers, secure paid sick days, and increase investment in universal child care.
Implementing a structural redesign for workforce equity: Lawmakers should consider redesigning a workforce system that utilizes high-quality skills training and employment services to combat occupational segregation and workforce inequality. Ratified in , the 19th Amendment mandated that states could not deny voting privileges on the basis of sex—however, this right was enjoyed primarily by white women, while many women of color were not allowed to vote until many decades later when, for example, the Voting Rights Act of was enacted.
Reed v. Reed , U. Richardson , U. Alabama, Louisiana, South Dakota v. David S. United States v. Morrison , U. Sharon G. Joanna L. Grossman and Deborah L. Griswold v. Connecticut , U. Wade , U. Texas , U. Casey , U. Steven A. See also Alabama, Louisiana, South Dakota v. Ferriero , cvLSC December 16, Five decades after the ERA was approved by Congress in , Virginia ratified the amendment in , and the quorum of 38 states was finally reached.
But there is a problem. When it was approved, the amendment was initially meant to be ratified by , a deadline Congress later extended to The push to get the amendment ratified continued after that, even though the deadline has passed.
According to this decision, the whole process has to start again—with new Congressional approval. But this week, the House of Representatives passed a bill to remove the deadline.
The vote now has to pass the Senate, where it needs to clear 60 votes. In the House, only four Republicans voted in favor of it, and in the Senate it would likely need the support of at least 10 Republicans.
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